tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39487549454712218402024-03-12T22:19:25.293-07:00Walk the TalkCommentary from an ex-pat living near Tahrir Square and witnessing the many changes afoot in Egypt.Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-91292420084214660872023-11-03T11:30:00.001-07:002023-11-03T11:31:30.678-07:00IT DOESN’T MAKE SENSE FOR EGYPT TO TAKE IN GAZAN REFUGEES<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"></p><p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">By K.R. Kamphoefner</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">The US is increasing its pressure on
Egypt to open the Rafah border crossing and allow in all Gazans who want to
escape the brutal carnage of Israel’s war on Gaza. Recently released documents
show Israel wants to push all Gazans into Egypt. The international community
should not allow this.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">Egypt can’t afford it. It is a
developing country, and like many other developing economies, has an enormous
debt. Meanwhile, inflation is at an all-time high, approaching 38% a month.
That means many food items have doubled in price this year. Even if
international donors offered to pay all the expenses of incoming refugees,
Egypt should still not open the Rafah border.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">The Sinai is not just an empty space.
There is nowhere to put a large influx of people. Apparently, Israel assumes
that the Sinai, because it is a desert, has plenty of room for them. But all
the land in the Sinai is owned by someone. In northern Sinai, Egypt has
repeated skirmishes with Bedouin fighters aligned with ISIS. A new influx of
people in that area would considerably destabilize the northern Sinai, as well
as creating chaos at that border.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">It's long been Israel’s agenda to push
out all Palestinians from the land “from the river to the sea,” has always been
the goal of Israeli Zionists. Israeli historians have carefully documented the
1946 ethnic cleansing; the most famous of them is Ilan Pappe, (<i>The Ethnic
Cleansing of Palestine</i>, 2006). In recent interviews, Pappe had demonstrated
how Israel’s war on Gaza continues the process. While the eyes of the world are
on Gaza, Israel gave 16,000 more weapons to extremist Israeli settlers in the
West Bank. The settlers attack neighboring Palestinian villages and towns,
protected by IDF soldiers and Israeli police. The West Bank attacks are for the
same purpose: to make the conditions of life so desperate that people want to
leave.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Forcibly
removing the Gazans neatly fits the Zionist goal of claiming all the land, but
this has serious implications under international law. First and foremost, the
“forcible population relocation of civilian populations as part of an organized
offensive against that population is a crime against humanity punishable by the
International Criminal Court (ICC) <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Legal Information Institute, 2023)</span>. Other recent violations
of international law include the taking of civilian hostages, bombing
civilians, forced displacement, and ethnic cleaning. </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">“Temporary” means “permanent” with
refugees from Israel’s wars. Seventy percent of Gazans are refugees from
Israel’s 1948 war. Their situation should have been resolved many years ago,
but 75 years later, they are still refugees. Instead of negotiating a solution
for the 1948 refugees, Israel wants to make them refugees for a second time.
This, again, is all in contravention of international law, as well as violates the
many peace agreements Israel itself has signed.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi has
clearly refused for Gazans to be forcibly displaced to Egypt. He said, “Not
only [because] we in Egypt will not allow it, but it is perilous to the
[Palestinian] cause,” he said, noting that it would complicate the prospects of
the two-state solution.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Transferring
Gazans to Egypt would be the death knell for the Palestinian cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The goal of the Palestinian cause is national
self-determination. The two-state solution, embedded in part in the Oslo
Accords, was intended to resolve this with an independent state based on Gaza
and the West Bank as the land for a Palestinian state, with East Jerusalem as
its capital, living side-by-side in peace with Israel. Eliminating Gaza will
eliminate the two-state solution. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">Indeed, many Palestinians do not want
to leave Gaza. They want an end to the fighting and a chance to rebuild their
homes and their lives in their own land.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">If, out of humanitarian concern, the
US wants to assist those Gazans who want to, let it institute a new program for
taking them as refugees to the US. The US can afford it—Egypt cannot.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">US
pressure and Europe’s diplomatic pressure would be better spent on implementing
an immediate ceasefire and calling for new negotiations for the two-nations
solution to the conflict. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To respond to the urgent humanitarian
situation, Egypt is working hard on getting in humanitarian assistance.
Al-Arish Airport is accepting planeloads of supplies from many countries. Israel
prefers to blocking the efforts, has cut off food, water, and medical supplies
to Gaza. Israel has proven to be a very difficult party to the negotiations for
allowing in humanitarian assistance. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
Wednesday, Egypt began taking in injured Gazans, including opening a new field
hospital to triage treatment for the wounded. Dual passport holders have been
allowed to exit Gaza for other countries.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i>Note: +972 has released printed the texts
which call for the ethnic cleansing of Gaza: https://www.972mag.com/intelligence-ministry-gaza-population-transfer/</i></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> </p>
<p></p>Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-57391586938487443112023-11-03T07:45:00.000-07:002023-11-03T07:58:06.169-07:00WHAT ARE INTERNATIONAL LAWS concerning war?<p> by K.R. Kamphoefner</p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In recent news, you no doubt have seen many references
to international law and war crimes. International law is “a collection of
rules governing relations between states” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Britanica, 2023)</span>. Its sources include international
treaties (and many UN documents), international customs (general practices
accepted as law), and general principles (originated in national and local
laws). Its topics include war and diplomacy, economic relations, and human
rights. This article focusses on laws regarding warfare and human rights. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Of the many international agreements, the
Geneva Conventions are the ones which establish rules for the conduct of war.
There are four articles of the conventions adopted in 1949, with additional
protocols added in 1967. They were conceived of just following World War II to
try to prevent the WWII atrocities, including genocide, from happening again.
The United States, Israel, and Palestine are among the 196 nations which agreed
to the Geneva Conventions. Basically, the conventions spell out the difference
between what is acceptable in war and what is a war crime. War crimes can be
tried in the International Criminal Court (ICC).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The most important idea regarding war is the
protection of civilians.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Regarding the current War on Gaza, below are
terms you may hear being discussed and what they mean. The terms are arranged in
alphabetical order.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><u>KEY DEFINITIONS:</u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Asylum Seeker:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “An asylum-seeker is someone whose request
for sanctuary has yet to be processed. Every year, around one million people
seek asylum” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(UNHCR, 2023b)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Children:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Children are usually defined as under age 18. They are to
be protected as all civilians, as well as receive additional protection as
vulnerable persons. “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Children make up 40 percent of the
civilian victims in conflicts and over 50 percent of the refugees and
internally displaced persons. Their specific vulnerability puts them at higher
risk to be deprived of basic needs such as food, water, and medical attention
and otherwise abused” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(MSF, 2023)</span>.
In addition, they have rights because they are children under the UN Convention
on the Rights of the Child <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Save the Children, 2023)</span>. <i>Comment:</i>
Children are not being protected from current Israeli attacks. As part of its
siege, Israel has cut off power, phones, internet, the provision of food, water
and basic medical supplies. In addition, many schools have been bombed, while
schools cannot be open under the conditions of bombing and ground attacks <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(OHCHR, 2023b)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Civilians:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Rule 5 of the ICRC Study on
customary international humanitarian law defines civilians as “<b>persons who
are not members of the armed forces</b>. The civilian population comprises all
persons who are civilians” <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(MSF, 2023)</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Collective Punishment:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> is forbidden under the Geneva Conventions. “</span><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Article 33 -
Individual responsibility, collective penalties, pillage, reprisals. No
protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally
committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of
terrorism are prohibited” <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(ICRC, 2010)</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ethnic Cleansing:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ““… <i>a purposeful policy designed by one
ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the
civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain
geographic areas.</i>” It came to be widely used in the wars which occurred
with the break-up of Yugoslavia <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(OGP, 2023)</span>.
Comments: The Israeli government ordered 1.2 million Gazans to evacuate to the
south (see also, “Ethnic Cleansing.” Most of the north has been bombed
extensively, making the area almost completely ethnically cleansed (Mostly
those unable to move, such as the ill, handicapped, the elderly, and
hospitalized persons have remained behind). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Forced or Involuntary Displacement</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
(also known as Forced or Involuntary Migration): <i>“The movement of persons
who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of
habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the
effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human
rights or natural or human‐made disasters”</i> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(IOM, 2019)</span>. Examples in the
current situation include ordering the evacuation of 1.2 million persons living
in northern Gaza. Forcing Gazans to move into Egypt also meets this definition.</span></p>
<p><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Genocide:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “<i>In the
present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with
intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or
religious group, as such: </i></span></p>
<ol start="1" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Killing members of the group; </span></i></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Causing serious bodily or mental
harm to members of the group;</span></i></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Deliberately inflicting on the
group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part; </span></i></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Imposing measures intended to
prevent births within the group;</span></i></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Forcibly transferring children of
the group to another group <span style="font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: yes;">(UN General Assembly, 1948)</span></span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">.<i></i></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Comments</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">: The examples a, b, and c., currently
apply to Israel’s attacks on Gaza. The fourth example, d, about preventing
births, could begin to apply as all the hospitals of Gaza are out of fuel and
running out of medicines. Several hospitals have been closed from bombing
damage. On 17 October, the UN Office for the Higher Commission for Human Rights
said, “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An estimated 50,000 pregnant women in Gaza,
are in desperate need of prenatal and postnatal care” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(OHCHR, 2023b)</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
current level of siege, preventing water, food, fuel, and medicines from coming
into the sealed off Gaza Strip is also illegal. “UN Security Council has
repeatedly condemned the use of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare,
which is prohibited under international humanitarian and criminal law. The unlawful
denial of humanitarian access and depriving civilians of objects indispensable
to their survival are also a violation of international humanitarian law” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(OHCHR, 2023b)</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Internally Displaced: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Guiding
Principles on Internal Displacement</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, created in
1998, first of all state that <i>“<b>arbitrary displacement</b> in the first
instance is prohibited (Principles 5-7). In addition, the rights of all
civilians apply to internally displaced persons (IDPs) who are "persons or
groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their
homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order
to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence,
violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not
crossed an internationally recognized border"</i> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(OHCHR, 2023c)</span> Currently, The current “number of
internally displaced people across the Gaza Strip is estimated at around one
million” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(OHCHR, 2023b)</span>. <i>“Once persons have been displaced,
they retain a broad range of economic, social, cultural, civil and political
rights, including the right to basic <b>humanitarian assistance </b>(such as
food, medicine, shelter), the right to be <b>protected</b> from physical
violence, the right to <b>education, freedom of movement</b> and residence,
political rights such as the right to participate in public affairs and the
right to participate in economic activities (Principles 10-23). Displaced
persons also have the right to assistance from competent authorities in
voluntary, dignified, and safe <b>return</b>, resettlement, or local
integration, including help in recovering lost property and possessions. When
restitution is not possible, the Guiding Principles call for compensation or
just reparation (Principles 28-30)”.</i> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Non-refoulement:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “a refugee should not be returned to a
country where they face serious threats to their life or freedom” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(UNHCR, 2023a)</span>. This aims to
prevent refugees from being forcibly returned to the country from which they
fled.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Occupied territory, an occupation:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> “The act of taking control of territory
belonging either to no one (<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">peaceful occupation</span></em>) or to a foreign state in the
course of a war (<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">belligerent
occupation</span></em>). . . . A belligerent occupant cannot acquire or annex
the occupied territory during the course of the war” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Ocford International Press online resource centres, 2016)</span>. Occupied territories
are Gaza, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights. Occupation is only intended to
be temporary—it is illegal under international law to use war to seize lands.
An occupying power is obligated to respect the property rights of the occupied
people, provide them with protection, food, water, medicines and other humanitarian
needs, and to not do anything to harm their welfare <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Medicins san Frontieres, 2023)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Protection</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">: Right to Protection (R2P)<b> </b>This
is the basic right of IDPs, refugees, and stateless , to be protection in the country
to which they have fled <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Relief Web, 2023)</span>. In addition, all
children have the right to be protected from all forms of violence, under the
Universal Declaration of the Rights of a Child <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(Save the Children, 2023)</span>.<b> </b>Also see:<i>
non-refoulement.</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/civilians/"><span lang="EN" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br />
</span></a></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Refugee:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
“Article 1 of the 1951 Convention defines a refugee as someone who ‘owing
to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is
outside the country of [their] nationality and is unable or, owing to such
fear, is unwilling to avail [themself] of the protection of that country; or
who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of [their] former
habitual residence, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to
it’ <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(UNHCR, 2023a)</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KEY DOCUMENTS OF INTERNATIONALW INCLUDE:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(United Nations, 2023)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their additional
protocols <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(ICRC, 2010)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The International Covenant on Economic,
Social, and Cultural Rights, 1979 <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(OHCHR, 1966)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(UNHCR, 2023a)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Related to Israel/ Palestine, these documents
are also part of international law: </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 55.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .45in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The UN General Assembly Resolution
3236 which </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">"reaffirms also the inalienable right of the
Palestinians to return to their homes and property from which they have been
displaced and uprooted, and calls for their return” <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(United Nations, 1974)</span>, and </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 55.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .45in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The UN Security
Council Resolution 242, which reaffirms that territory may not be acquired by
war, as well as the necessity for "achieving a just settlement of the
refugee problem" <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(UN Security
Council, 1967)</span>.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you want to learn more, the references link
to the relevant documents. If you want additional terms added, send me a
message.</span></p>
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</h1><h1>References</h1>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Beinin, J. &. (2014, February). <i>Palestine,
Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Primer</i>. Retrieved from Middle
East Research and information Project (MERIP):
https://merip.org/palestine-israel-primer/</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Britanica. (2023). <i>The nature and development of
International law</i>. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britanica: Many friends
have worked in Israel, Palestine, and Gaza. How can you post only "feel
good" stuff on FB? You're being silent what's most important, GENOCIDE. </span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">ICRC. (2010, February 10). <i>The Geneva Conventions
of 1949 and their Additional Protocols</i>. Retrieved from International
Committee of the Red Cross:
https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/war-and-law/treaties-customary-law/geneva-conventions/overview-geneva-conventions.htm</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">IOM. (2019). <i>No. 34 International Migration Law:
Glossary on Migration.</i> Retrieved from UN International Office of
Migration: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Medicins san Frontieres. (2023). <i>Occupied
Territory</i>. Retrieved from The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law:
https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/occupied-territory/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">MSF. (2023). <i>The Practical Guide to Humanitarian
Law</i>. Retrieved from Medecins san Frontieres:
https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/civilians/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Ocford International Press online resource centres.
(2016). <i>Selected international law terms.</i> Retrieved from
global.oup.com:
https://global.oup.com/uk/orc/law/intl/international_qanda/resources/selected/</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">OGP. (2023). <i>Ethnic Cleansing</i>. Retrieved from
UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect:
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.shtml</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">OHCHR. (1966, December 16). <i>International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Resolution 2200A.</i>
Retrieved from UN Office of the Higher Commission of Human RIghts:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">OHCHR. (2023b, October 17). <i>Gaza: UN experts
decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for
prevention of genocide</i>. Retrieved from UN Office for the Higher the
Commission of Human Rights:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">OHCHR. (2023c). <i>About internally displaced
persons: Special rapporteur of the human rights of internally displaced
persons</i>. Retrieved from Office for the Higher Commission of Human Rights:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-internally-displaced-persons/about-internally-displaced-persons</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Relief Web. (2023). <i>Right to Protection</i>.
Retrieved from ReliefWeb.int: https://reliefweb.int/organization/r2p</span></p>
<p class="MsoBibliography" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Save the Children. (2023). <i>UN Convention on the
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Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-73976816275483694582023-10-29T06:27:00.004-07:002023-10-29T06:30:49.093-07:00WHAT CAN ONE PERSON DO, ABOUT GAZA? <p class="MsoNormal">By Kathy Kamphoefner [Please share widely]<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Whether you agree it is genocide or not, <b>please speak up NOW</b>!
Call for an immediate ceasefire, for humanitarian assistance to be consistently
allowed in as needed, and for new peace talks for real negotiations to end this
violence.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Actions you can take:</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Phone your Senators, Congresspersons, or members
of Parliament and tell them your views, such as: ceasefire NOW, and the resumption
of real negotiations for a new peace agreement.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Write to the President, Vice-President, your PM,
Senators, Congresspersons, or members of Parliament and tell them your views. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Join the many demonstrations going on everywhere.
If there is not one in your town, organize one.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sit in at the local office or national office of
your elected representatives, demanding they vote for a ceasefire now.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Donate funds to the NGO or charity of your choice
who are sending emergency assistance. For example, you can contribute to the
American Friends Service Committee here: <a href="https://secure.afsc.org/a/gazaer?ms=WEB24NB1010PI">https://secure.afsc.org/a/gazaer?ms=WEB24NB1010PI</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">OR many other organizations are working on
emergency assistance for Gaza, such as the Egyptian Food Bank, UNICEF, ICRC,
UNFP, Medical Aid for Palestinians, UNWRA, Islamic Relief, Oxfam, Save the Children,
International Orthodox Christian Charities, and many more.” Take an offering at
your local church, meeting, or other group and donate the funds.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Get more information. Read broadly. Attend an
educational event. This one is calling for a ceasefire now, convened by US
Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib is online today: <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="255" src="file:///C:/Users/DELL/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" width="452" /></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Organize film showing, a study group, or book club
and watch a film, read a book or articles on the current situation. Recommended
readings & films: <a href="https://afsc.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/Recommended%20Readings%20and%20Media%20on%20Gaza.pdf">https://afsc.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/Recommended%20Readings%20and%20Media%20on%20Gaza.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Start over on this list and do it again.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"> </p>
Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-51140051281964017782023-10-22T10:26:00.000-07:002023-10-22T11:42:29.935-07:00THINGS THAT REALLY P!S$ED ME OFF TODAY, 22 October 2023<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">By Kathy Kamphoefner</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">EU leaders at the Peace Summit in Egypt would not agree to a
statement calling for an immediate ceasefire and negotiations. Why? Because it’s
wording did not condemn the killings of Israelis enough. What a flimsy
excuse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EU—we need you to stop the
genocide. The US is clearly not going to! You must speak out!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Israel’s war on Gaza now meets the definition of genocide,
according to Israeli Professor Raz Segal, who an expert in Holocaust and
Genocide Studies. Who will step up to stop it?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>All the good lessons from the Jewish genocide in the 1940s were
incorporated into international law, into the Geneva Conventions of 1948 and
its further protocols. Who will enforce these? Will the world simply stand silent and watch
Israel kill off all Gazans?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hamas negotiated to release two Israeli hostages
unconditionally on humanitarian grounds. The Red Cross negotiated for their
release with Israel. Israel refused to accept the return of the hostages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What? Who does that? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The Red Cross will try again today. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> An estimated 13 hostages have already been killed by Israeli
bombing. Does Israel care anything about the hostages? Who does that, bombs where
their hostages are being kept? What sense does that make?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Israel continues to deny it bombed al-Ahly Hospital, also
known as the Baptist Hospital, in Gaza, killing 500 persons. Military experts
have said it was most likely hit by Israeli missiles (supplied by the USA),
based on the video footage, and the sounds of the missile. Israel continues to
insist that Islamic Jihad fired the missile. Jihad does not have access to the
type of missile used. How many lies will Israel tell? How self-deluded are
Israeli leaders?</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Yesterday Israel continued its bombing of Gaza. It also continued
bombing southern Lebanon. Israel also bombed Jenin Refugee Camp in the West
Bank. Israel also bombed two airports in Syria: the Damascus and the Aleppo
airports. Israel’s attacks are self-defense? By what calculus?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Under international law, a nation’s military counterattacks
must be proportionate to the first attack.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The 7th of October Hamas attack left 1400 Israelis dead, with 1500 Hamas
fighters dead. This week, Israelis killed 90-some persons in the West Bank. In
Gaza, 4,300 Gazans have died in Israel’s bombings, at least 2/3 of those,
children. So, Israel, what is proportional violence?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If we agree that Israel has a right to
self-defense, how can we pretend this is self-defense?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-39252331780327650472023-10-20T15:16:00.005-07:002023-10-20T15:19:00.924-07:00OPENING THE RAFAH BORDER IS NOT A SOLUTION<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
K.R. Kamphoefner</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">20
October 2023</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Some
people think the easy solution of Israel bombing 2.3 million civilians in Gaza
is to simply open the Rafah checkpoint, which leads to Egypt. But like most
“easy solutions,” it won’t work. In fact, it would compound humanitarian
disasters, aggravate regional tensions, and foster more violations of
international law. Here’s why:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Egypt is already very fragile economically. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It simply cannot afford to shelter and
feed another million-plus persons.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Egypt is a developing country, with high levels of
poverty. Egypt also has an enormous foreign debt, 165.3 billion dollars <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Al-Ahram Online, 2023)</span>, which means the
biggest lenders, like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank,
force economic policies on Egypt, like floating its currency and cutting
government subsidies for the poor. Now only bread is still subsidized.
Meanwhile, the Egyptian pound has been devalued two times since March 2022,
while a third devaluation is predicted. All this has made food prices skyrocket,
sometimes more than doubling in one year, which means the poor are eating less
and less nutritionally and grumbling more. The rate of poverty hovers around
70% each year <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Macrotrends, 2023)</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Global inflation and rising interest rates are placing
increasing pressures on the hard currency reserves Egypt needs to service and
pay back its foreign debts. Like many developing nations, debt servicing has
come to consume more of the national budget than spending available of
education and healthcare combined. Obviously, this puts enormous strains on public
services. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In his recent meeting with US Secretary of State
Anthony Blinken, Egypt’s President Sisi denounced Israel’s attack on Gaza as
collective punishment, but he did not agree to take in all the Gazans via the
Rafah border. He noted Egypt is already home to significant numbers of refugees
from Africa and the Middle East <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Agencies, Jacob Magid, and Staff., 2023)</span>. Egypt does not
contribute financially to their care. That falls to the UNHCR [the United
Nations Higher Commission for Refugees], which doesn’t even have enough resources
to assist the current refugees in Egypt, especially since the recent influx of
thousands of refugees from Sudan, especially with the recent influx of thousands
of refugees from Sudan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">So,
what if the UN or other countries guaranteed support for Gazan refugees?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Could that work?</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">No.
That has been proposed, but Egypt does not agree. Although the Sinai is a large
desert, there is no land free to put in refugee camps in the Sinai. It is all
owned by someone, mostly by 17 different Bedouin tribes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See a map of the Sinai tribes: <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Bedawi, 2023)</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
government has claimed the land bordering Gaza as a security zone, but that is
too little to house 2.3 million persons. If the government tried to confiscate Sinai
land for refugee camps, that would aggravate an already existing security
problem in the area, namely the intermittent fighting between the Egyptian
government and Bedouin in the northern Sinai with insurgents openly affiliated
with ISIS.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">More
importantly, why displace other people to make room for a displaced people?
This brings us to the very crux of the Palestinian question: The people of Gaza
are already victims of several rounds of displacement, expulsion, and ethnic
cleansing since the 1948 war. (The same is true of large numbers of
Palestinians now living in the West Bank). Many new Israeli historians have
documented that the ethnic cleansing began in 1948. Perhaps the best know of
these is Ilan Pappe, who wrote <i>The Ethnic Cleansing of Pales</i>tine, and
argues this process has continued until now, including in Israel’s current attacks
on civilians in Gaza.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would be
criminal to subject Gazans to another round of displacement. Transferring them
to Gaza would do just that.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">No
one wants to become a refugee, let alone for a second or third time. Refugee
camps are set up to provide temporary shelter, but the region’s camps have been
around for 75 years. Regardless of the lip service paid to “temporary,” Israel
is unlikely to treat the transfer that way. Testimony to this is to be found in
its lengthy record of reneging on its commitments under the Oslo Accords and
refusing to implement the dozens of UN resolutions on Palestine and Palestinian
human rights. With the US indulging the most extreme tendencies of Israeli
governments, Israel can be confident that it will enjoy Washington’s backing in
evading whatever agreements it makes now regarding the transfer of Gazans to
Egypt.</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Egypt cannot afford to employ refugees,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> due to its
precarious economic state. </span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Egypt already is home to approximately 9 million
migrants and refugees (<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(UN OCHA, 2022)</span>. It is currently
illegal for refugees to work in Egypt, dooming them to the exploitive
conditions of working under the table. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Egyptian people would probably welcome
Palestinians on humanitarian grounds, as they remain in sympathy with the
Palestinian cause. But the tide will change if Gazans are seen to be taking
jobs inside Egypt. Youth unemployment is nearly 20% in Egypt, while for young
women the rate is 35.9% <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(UNICEF, 2023)</span>. Unofficially, unemployment is much
larger. At least 55% of Egyptians work in the informal economy, which is a very
precarious financial situation to live in <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(World Bank, n.d.)</span>. When everything
shut down due to COVID-19, many of them were left with no income at all. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
a source in Egypt’s security forces put it, opening a corridor for those
fleeing Gaza would undermine "the right of Palestinians to hold on to
their cause and their land” (Ahmed, 2023). King Abdullah of Jordan has likewise
refused to take in more refugees <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Egypt Today, 2023)</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Transferring
Gazans to Egypt would be the death knoll for the Palestinian cause.</span></b></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
goal of the Palestinian cause is national self-determination. The two-state
solution, embedded in part in the Oslo Accords, was intended to resolve this
with an independent state based on Gaza and the West Bank as the land for a
Palestinian state, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side-by-side in
peace with Israel. (An agreed upon corridor to connect the two separate areas
has never been built.) Eliminating Gaza will eliminate the two-state solution. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Forcibly removing the Gazans neatly fits the Zionist
goal of claiming all the land from the “river to the sea,” i.e, from the Jordan
River to the Mediterranean. But should not be allowed. This has serious
implications under international law. First and foremost, the “forcible
population relocation of civilian populations as part of an organized offensive
against that population is a crime against humanity punishable by the
International Criminal Court (ICC) <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Legal Information Institute, 2023)</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
the occupying power, Israel is obligated under international law to protect and
provide for the occupied people. Israel has failed to do so, to an appallingly
criminal degree as is clear from the horrifying conditions in the open-air
prison called Gaza which have become visible to the world. Moreover, today it
is trying, as it has tried before, to unload this burden on others. Neither
Egypt or Jordan or any other party should be made to pay for Israel’s crimes
and violations of international law. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Opening
a humanitarian corridor for assistance is urgently needed. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Egypt is ready to
help send in international aid<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Ahmed, 2023)</span>. Negotiations between
the UN, Egypt, Israel, and Hamas are underway for a ceasefire and how to get
the supplies in. Two planeloads of humanitarian supplies from Qatar arrived early
in the week <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Al-Ahram Online, 2023)</span>. All the major
providers of humanitarian assistance are begging for access to Gaza. The UN and
other donors are preparing more supplies. As a long line of trucks waits at the
border for Israel to agree they can enter <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(El-Wardany, 2023)</span>. Israel prefers to invade Gaza first.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the UN Security Council, the USA had the
gall to veto a ceasefire designed to provide such humanitarian assistance.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is up to the international community, especially Europe, to stop Israel from
invading and stop its bombing of 2.3 million civilians by land and sea.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
falls to Europe and other powerful countries, because the US has shown it will
not try to restrain Israel. Moving Gazans to the Sinai or any other “Band-Aid”
measures, will never bring a lasting peace. For that, the root causes the
Palestinian plight must be addressed, as a growing body of opinion in Israel recognizes.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
know the solutions. We must implement international law</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">—that’s the
roadmap to peace. These are the best ideas already agreed upon by most nations
of the world. A genuine solution to the plight of Gazans, not to mention
hundreds of thousands of other Palestinian refugees elsewhere, would include,
in addition to a sovereign state and the right of return, implementing the
following important precedents in international law:</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 55.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, because peace with justice must be based
on human rights <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(United Nations, 2023)</span>;</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 55.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Geneva Convention of 1949 and their additional protocols; these were agreed
after World War II to try to prevent the worst atrocities of war. These
especially require protecting civilians <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(ICRC, 2010)</span>;</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 55.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
UN General Assembly Resolution 3236 which </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">"reaffirms also the
inalienable right of the Palestinians to return to their homes and property
from which they have been displaced and uprooted, and calls for their return” <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(United Nations, 1974)</span>, and </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 55.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The UN Security Council Resolution 242, which reaffirms
that territory may not be acquired by war, as well as the necessity for
"achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem" <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">(UN Security
Council, 1967)</span>.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">There is no military solution—only a political one.
With so many lives at stake, we must push for a negotiated peace as soon as
possible.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></p>
<h1>References</h1>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">. . . . . . . . . .</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dr.
Kathleen R. Kamphoefner holds a PhD in Communication Studies (Intercultural
Communication, Northwestern University, 1991), with a regional specialty on the
Middle East. She is a fluent speaker of Egyptian colloquial Arabic, which was
indispensable to her 15 summers of service with Community Peace Teams
(formerly Christian Peacemaker Team, CPT). CPT conducted human rights reporting
and intervention in violence in the city of Hebron, the occupied Palestinian
territories. In 2003, Kamphoefner co-led the first training in nonviolent
resistance in Gaza at the request of a Palestinian organization. From 2003-
2007, Kamphoefner and her spouse, Paul Pierce, served as the country
representatives for American Friends Service Committee, leading conflict
resolution trainings in Israel, supporting Israeli conscientious objectors, as
well as leading a large training program for Palestinian trainers of
nonviolence, and initiating the first coalition of groups working by means of
nonviolence in the West Bank. In addition, she ran a refugee agency in Egypt
from 2007- 2010 and a mediation organization for refugees in Egypt from
2009-2013. She is now retired in Cairo, Egypt.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></p>
Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-66720591573003448422013-07-25T04:11:00.003-07:002013-07-25T04:17:39.234-07:00Egypt: Revolution 2.0<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
It is easy to be misled by the media images of recent
events in Egypt into thinking that violence is everywhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not--it is localized and its areas are
predictable. People are not being killed daily. Egypt is not currently sinking
into a "quagmire of violence."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It could happen, but that is not inevitable.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Unfortunately whenever I see or read a US media report,
the story is almost completely about violence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There has been comparatively little violence in the days leading up to
30 June and since.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today there is music
playing in Tahrir Square, and it's like one big street party.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Look for news on al-Jazeera International, al-Arabeyya English, read
al-Ahram English Online, coverage in the Guardian or the daily news summary
from POMED (Project on Middle East Democracy) for more diverse and informed
views then for US mainstream media.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The 30 June events were most definitely a popular
uprising.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The army then stepped in to
prevent things into deteriorating into civil war and for reasons of its
own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don't trust them to build
democracy, nor respect human rights--they don't know how to do either.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
But the governing coalition put into place isn't bad--it
includes a lot of technocrats, from a broad spectrum of political groups.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It doesn't include the Islamicists, as they
refuse to participate, not being very happy about being ousted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cabinet includes four economists, and I
hope they implement change on the economy quickly, as its collapse would make
blood run in the streets, as eating regularly has become more difficult for so
many people since 2011. If you look at who they are, it is a really interesting
mix of people who brings some good skills to governing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The Muslim Brotherhood and their supporters are taking
their cause to the streets, insisting they are the "legitimate"
government, and the current situation undermines democracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No need to go into all the problems of their
administration, but they left human rights in Egypt worse off then before, and
became increasingly more repressive, so their claims to be democratic are
pretty hollow.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The secularists and liberals in Egypt blame the US for
supporting the Muslim Brotherhood (MB).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They were blamed for supporting Mubarak's regime for 30 years before
that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now the MB is blaming the US for
supporting the military in ousting Morsi's government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Mama Amrika" is the favorite scapegoat
for Egypt's problems, and has contributed to many of them, but can't be guilty
of all of the above.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Egyptians love
conspiracy theories and there have been enough bad US actions to made adding up
the circumstantial evidence about US involvement look plausible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it isn't reasonable to suppose that the
Arab Spring is a US sponsored event. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
There is no question that US foreign policy has been
problematic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The US propped up Mubarak's
30-year rule with the same funding formula as it continued under Morsi's
presidency: $1.3 billion in military assistance, the remainder of the 1.5
billion total in other forms of assistance, mostly delivered through the
largest US AID program in the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each time the question of cutting US funding comes up, it is renewed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even when Congress threatened to cut the
funds last year, after the military arrested members of three large US and one
German NGO, Kerry privately agreed to keep sending the funds just a week or two
before the NGOs' verdict was decided.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Everyone knows the funds won't be cut, because it is the price of
Egypt's peace with Israel, a deal struck with Anwar Sadat in the Camp David
Accords.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The US agenda in Egypt is stability--never mind who is
running the country: Mubarak, the military, or the MB.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The US wants stability so its business deals
with Egypt remain unthreatened, as well as the status quo, the cold peace with
Israel is maintained.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Democracy is not
the US agenda, even though it funding of democracy building efforts was part of
the Egyptian military's motivation for going after the NGOs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
At any rate, the debate rages about whether the army's
actions on 3 July constitute a coup, primarily because by law, US funding
depends on saying it was not a coup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
MB are loudly shouting that it was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
military insists it wasn't.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The people
who took to the streets are insulted by the idea that it was a coup, given the
overwhelming popular participation in the demonstrations to topple Morsi.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
What's ahead?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
is difficult to say. General Al-Sisi has just called for the MB to leave the
streets and asked for popular support "against terrorism," in other
words, asked the people to go to Tahrir again this Friday and support the
army's attacks on Morsi's supporters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
think this is a dangerous move.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The military is like the repairman with only one tool, a
hammer--therefore he pounds everything to fix it. The military's tool is
violence, and it is their main response to everything--they think they can
restore order by using more violence and repression.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They do not understand that violence is a
problem, not a solution. I think the forcible removaI of the MB demonstrators
will take massive violence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will mean
very bloody street battles, probably between the pro- and anti-Morsi peoples,
with the army watching.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then perhaps we
will sink into the "quagmire of violence." The army will perhaps then
clamp down, and pretend they had no alternative for the "sake of
Egypt."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The 30 June was Revolution 2.0, or Step Two, and there
are many more steps to come, in order to achieve the goals of the 25 January
Revolution of Bread, Social Justice, and Democracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are many steps still needed, in part
because the revolution has been mostly nonviolent, instead of including mass
murder of old regime persons or a purge of counterrevolutionaries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Egyptians don't want a violent
revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So there will likely be many
more cycles of change to go through--very little has improved so far.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
What remains a central problem is that the "deep
state," is the military and the secret police.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They haven't gone anywhere, and they don't
intend to. They also don't intend to give up power, and they don't "do
democracy."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They prefer a low
profile, because they don't want to run affairs of state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They prefer figureheads to do that, whether a
Mubarak or a Morsi, while they rest on their popular support and control the
economy (they directly own 40% of it).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They quickly became very unpopular with the Supreme Council of Armed
Forces (SCAF) ran the country after Mubarak and before Morsi's election. The
revolutionaries were in the streets again in large numbers, calling for the
SCAF to step down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They massacred
activists on Mohamed Mahmoud Street (20 November 2011 and 2012) and at Maspero
(9-10 October 2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The popular will,
over time, will turn against the military again, if they stay in direct control
of the country too long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
So stay tuned--it isn't over, it's just another step in
Egypt's struggle for democracy. The best thing Washington can do is shut
up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its words are not believed and its
actions are usually taken badly.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
---------</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
I'm Kathy Kamphoefner, just adding my "two cents
worth."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am US citizen living in Egypt since 2007, enjoying my "front row seat on
history."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I live two blocks from
Tahrir Square, so we listen well before we go out the door, to see what's
happening in the streets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most days
things are calm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I did my doctoral
research in Egypt from 1984-86, so I have followed events here a long time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I lost my job with recent events, as I was
teaching US university students and the US State Department ordered them
evacuated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I also direct a conflict
resolution organization for refugees, Refugees United for Peaceful Solutions
(RUPS), www.refugees4peace.org</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
--end--</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyoKo5hw9uzl62lgKdlc_JnP4kE3gq_clyYUjZm_1jOEXONBepjfJlRlHvV2lWzJx2ZwApbLfcheYCD52QkX0B5Q0Tw2FBNNUa9IElTMam_Gyw6Zc_eXPHAx3IUs0m6xlstk4yz3TcuUFU/s1600/Not+Coup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyoKo5hw9uzl62lgKdlc_JnP4kE3gq_clyYUjZm_1jOEXONBepjfJlRlHvV2lWzJx2ZwApbLfcheYCD52QkX0B5Q0Tw2FBNNUa9IElTMam_Gyw6Zc_eXPHAx3IUs0m6xlstk4yz3TcuUFU/s1600/Not+Coup.jpg" height="320" width="291" /></a></div>
</div>
Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-65474621279363138612012-09-13T09:55:00.000-07:002012-09-13T10:54:20.976-07:00USA: Take the Log Out of Your Eyes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Of course I mourn the loss of our Ambassador to Libya and
the other State Department employees who lost their lives in the Ben Ghazi
consulate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I abhor violence of all
kinds, so I do not think it is an appropriate response to the film trailer
which defames the prophet Mohamed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
think the whole case of the attack in Libya needs more investigation, as it
seems unlikely the timing of the attack in Libya was a coincidence, and perhaps
not a reaction to the film’s content.</div>
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However, the film itself needs more investigation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now it seems it is cloudy who made it and for
what purposes, attributed to a US/Israeli/Copt who cannot be found.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </div>
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The film did and will continue to stimulate
lot of anger, not just in Egypt, but throughout Muslim populations
everywhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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I respect the US First Amendment and Freedom of Speech
rights very much; however, this film constitutes, in my view, incitement to
violence, which is illegal under US law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is an extreme form of hate speech, as its content is so
malicious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its filmmakers must have
intended for it to spark violence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
the equivalent of “falsely shouting fire in a crowded theater,” which is not protected
speech [Oliver Wendall Holmes in <i>Schenker v. US</i>]. </div>
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Who would even think of portraying any religion’s prophet as
a buffoon, preaching fictional texts, engaging in sex, and condoning pedophilia
and killing of women and children in warfare?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Regarding any other religious faith, it would never be done.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </div>
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These images of the prophet Mohamed occur in
the first 5 minutes of the trailer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is beyond reprehensible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think it is
defamation of the religion.</div>
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I wish each country would look at its own religious
extremists, whether Muslim, Jewish or Christian, and investigate them
carefully, as they each believe in violence to achieve their fanatical
religious views, look at the log in one’s own eye, before pointing the finger
at the speck in the other’s eye. The religious extremists in one faith engage
in ideological warfare with extremists of other religions, escalate tensions,
and make the world a more dangerous place for all of us. The extremist Christian
groups in the East and in the West continue to fan the flames of hatred of
Islam. There is an unholy ideological alliance between Egyptian Coptic
extremists and the US evangelical right-wing Christians, feeding each other’s
hatred of Islam and supporting the faulty “War on Terrorism” paradigm. </div>
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The “problem” is not Islam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The problem is all forms of religious extremism. Muslim extremists inappropriately
call for jihad, Jewish extremists attack Muslims and Christians. Christian
extremists fuel misunderstandings of Islam and attacks against Muslims.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All these groups share hatred of others, a
love of violence, literal interpretation of their holy books,
misinterpretations of their own religions, and the use of a wide range of extreme
tactics.</div>
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In Egypt, I do not see an increase in anti-American
sentiment in recent months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I did see
anti-American sentiments grow during and since the Revolution, with
encouragement from the Mubarak government and thereafter, from the Supreme
Council of the Armed Forces, who encouraged the view on television that
Americans were behind the 25 January Revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, that has stopped since the election
of President Morsy, and I think it unlikely the Morsy government will encourage
such attitudes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I can still walk safely
anywhere in Cairo, even at night, and when someone occasionally asks where I am
from, they will typically respond positively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The people on the ground like Americans, regarding us as honest and
friendly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They don’t like US foreign
policy in the Middle East. People here have some genuine grievances against US
policy in this region.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But overall,
Egyptians respect President Obama, while being critical of US policies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Egyptians tend to differentiate between actions
of a government and the individual citizens.</div>
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I can imagine US citizens in front of their TVs, wondering
aloud, “Why do they hate us?” and imaging that we are innocent. “They” don’t
hate us, but hate US policies in the Middle East.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We should look into that and find out why.
There are ample reasons: the war in Iraq, the war in Afghanistan, the 30 years
of financing of the dictatorial Mubarak regime in Egypt, the US financing of
Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian territories are just a few examples.</div>
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Anti-Islam propaganda like the film trailer does profoundly
offend Muslims here, as the film trailer offends me and any other reasonable
person (I am a Christian, a Quaker).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Americans
need a lot of education about other cultures and religions and need to grow in
respect for religious differences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mainstream Jewish and Christian groups should denounce the film and
similar misrepresentations of religions, as well as denounce their extremist
co-religionists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mainstream Muslims have
repeatedly denounced the violence of their extremists, as not appropriate
behavior for Muslims.</div>
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The film, and “War on Terrorism” propaganda efforts like it,
can make life in the Middle East unsafe for US citizens living abroad, so
please reign in such religious extremists. </div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wish each country
would reign in its religious extremists, before pointing the finger at someone
else’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Terry Joneses, the Christian
Identity Movement, Jim Joneses, the Brand Dravidians and their like in other
religions make the world more dangerous for everyone.</div>
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<i><u>Short bio:</u> Kathy Kamphoefner holds a PhD in
Communication Studies from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. She
specialized in Intercultural Communication and Middle East Studies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She currently teaches US university students
and leads Community-Based Learning in an study abroad program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></div>
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Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-29199190547996472352011-03-31T13:37:00.000-07:002011-03-31T13:57:05.315-07:00The Hell that is Libya, <a href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a><br />
<div>A journalist just back from Libya told me today, "The Arab World will need to repopulate Libya. This generation of men is being wiped out." He said that men between ages 15 to 35 are being pressured into the army. A young man is approached and asked, "Who are you for? Are you with the army (Qaddafi) or with the rebels?" Naturally in that situation, the young man says he supports the army. He may not in fact, but now he's in the army. The officers watch him over time, and if he gives any hint of views critical of Qaddafi, his life isn't worth much.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Will the army split over Qaddaffi? No, the journalist insisted. The soldiers mentality is one of following orders. "Yes, sir. As you say sir. Is this OK, sir? They don't know how to think for themselves." </div><div><br />
</div><div>Will the army support democracy? "They will be the last ones to support democracy," he said. "They only understand following orders. They don't have a clue what democracy means."<br />
<br />
-----------------------------------------------<br />
There's no such thing as a good war. Dylan's Masters of War says it well:<br />
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaMz8pgua_0&feature=related">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaMz8pgua_0&feature=related</a><br />
<br />
</div>Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-50709081663791209892011-03-25T03:18:00.000-07:002011-03-25T03:18:20.136-07:00Co-optation and Counter RevolutionThe revolution's supporters have two main fears currently: co-optation of the revolution and counter-revolution.<br />
<br />
Co-optation can be seen in many new music videos featuring footage of the demonstrations and patriotic songs are airing on TV. New TV talk shows have sprung up, even on the government stations, to discuss the issues raised by the revolution, sometimes featuring participants of the revolution, sometimes featuring officials and "experts." Various companies are posting messages on billboards around town, written on the Egyptian flag, the main symbol of the revolution, and implying the companies supported the Revolution. From the beginning of its entry on the streets, the Egyptian army has tried to pretend to be a friend of the Revolution.<br />
<br />
The Counter-Revolution is clearly underway. Some 1500 thugs removed the second encampment of demonstrators from Tahrir Square two weeks ago, with the army tear-gassing the demonstrators and firing rubber bullets, then moving in to prevent the demonstrators' return. The next day the water was left running in the garden area, and it continues to be one very large puddle, making it impossible to pitch tents there again.<br />
<br />
The police are mostly back in the streets, although we hear some have been laid off, some arrested, and some are under investigation for various crimes, especially corruption. It's now up to the citizens to resist paying bribes or baksheesh--which takes a lot of courage.<br />
<br />
The dreaded--and dreadful-- <i>Amna Dowla,</i> Central Security Police (the secret police who spied on everyone, tortured and kidnapped many, performed Extraordinary Rendition for the US and generally made mess) has been officially disbanded. And now we have the <i>Amna Watany</i>, the National Police-- "a rose by any other name" still smells disgusting. Many people feel they are still working the same ways as before, just keeping a lower profile. Some secret police are being prosecuted, most importantly the former head of the Ministry of the Interior, (the home of the Amna Dowla), Habib el-Adly is charged with multiple counts of murder and attempted murder for ordering the killing of demonstrators. Many people have been amazed at his arrest--it is certainly significant. But we have to wait to see what happens, the outcome of the trial, before too much rejoicing. If he is ultimately acquitted, it will be a hollow move indeed. More to the point is to investigate, prosecute, and ban from future government employment, ALL the members of the police and Ministry of Interior for their political crimes. Their dirty dealing was uniform across the agencies, not involving only a few rotten eggs. Both the Judges Union and the Lawyers' Union participated in the Revolution, so the will may be there, but that is an enormous job. Meanwhile, the police, secret police, and army may block these efforts.<br />
<br />
Of immediate concern is a new law criminalizing public demonstrations and imposing stiff penalities for organizing them. See this report for details <a href="http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/372988">http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/372988</a>. Fortunately, the Coalition of Revolutionary Youth plans to protest this today, in front of the State Broadcasting Building. <br />
<br />
The need remains to repeal the State of Emergency Laws, which have curtailed freedoms all of Mubarak's years in office. This is one of the goals of the 25 January Revolution. With the army now in control, this will be an uphill battle. I pray the revolutionaries will keep the pressure on the government, will in the words of the old Spiritual, "stay on the battlefield," nonviolently, until the many needed changes are in place.Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-87749308490279075962011-03-25T02:32:00.000-07:002011-03-25T02:32:43.259-07:00Why The Nonviolent Revolution Succeeded<div style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i> you want to know my analysis of the 25 January Revolution, here is a summary from a recent interview I gave to Rose Berger of Sojournors' Magazine.</i></span></div><div style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I think the effort was ‘classic nonviolence’ in practice. The organizing groups did many things that are recommended by those who study Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Gene Sharp, Michael Nagler, and other contributors to peace studies.” I identified eight “best practices” used by organizers that led to a successful nonviolent campaign in Egypt:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Clear Goals. They clearly identified their goals early on. They were posted in Tahrir Square for everyone to see. The organizers stuck to these goals, even when pressured to settle for less.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Broad Base. The organizers built a wide coalition across Egyptian civil society—including the whole political spectrum; Muslims and Christians, farmers, students, and labor; the poor and the wealthy.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Women. They created a safe place for women. The organizers encouraged and welcomed the participation of women and children, something that is crucial for the security of everyone. They made it clear that the sexual harassment of women was not allowed, (this is something which is a big problem in Cairo), thereby making it safe for women to participate.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Cultivating positive relations with the army. The organizers actively and strategically cultivated a positive relationship with the army. After the police withdrew, organizers brought the soldiers tea, flowers, and lots of kisses. I think this is based on the organizers understanding of nonviolence, as well as their study of recent successful nonviolent revolutions, to which the army either did not intervene or actively supported the change, such as in Serbia. </span><span style="background-color: #ffff66; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Cultural Enjoyment. They made the demonstrations fun! Inside Tahrir Square there were a number of stages--one had speakers, at another someone led chants. There were stages with musicians, singing, and comedy acts. They offered face painting and lots of art, especially cartoons for posters. Organizers created a sense of community—of the “New Egypt"--inside Tahrir Square.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Creating Community. Participants organized to address their own needs. Citizen teams erected tents for those who wanted to stay, mobilized morning clean-up crews, and provided security, in addition to opening bathrooms, bringing food and water, and establishing both a hospital area and a kindergarten. While Egypt has no recycling program, they even implemented their own recycling program.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Peacekeepers. The organizers’ security crew made it safe to be in the Square. They put up checkpoints at each entrance at the perimeter and checked identification. They didn’t allow in the police IDs or those of the Ministry of Interior’s secret police. They patted down everyone. The volunteers were very respectful to everyone and apologized for searching people.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Open Participation. Meetings were held every evening where all were welcome and a style of participatory decision-making was used to make sure all were heard.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Public Opinion. The organizers had the majority of public opinion with them.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Two important myths were debunked by the 25 January Revolution, reported Kamphoefner. First, there is a myth that nonviolent movements must have “a single charismatic leader.” This revolution was led by a coalition of groups. Second, there is a myth is that revolution takes a long time. “Depending on how you measure it,” she continued, “this one took 18 days—though organizers have been busy since 2008.”</span></div><div style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The clean-up crews cleaned the normally filthy streets of downtown Cairo for another week after their encampment ended. They did this to symbolize "building a new Egypt."</span></div><div style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br />
</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--------------------------</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kathy Kamphoefner is the director of Refugees United for Peaceful Solutions (</span><a href="http://www.refugees4peace.org/"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">www.refugees4peace.org</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) which provides mediation services, conflict skills training, and nonviolence training to refugee communities in Cairo, Egypt.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> January Revolution Succeeded</span></div>Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-45976541927203024952011-03-25T02:11:00.000-07:002011-03-25T02:11:46.060-07:00No Putting this Genie Back in the Bottle!Coming home from an evening out on Friday, as we sat in our seats on the Metro [subway] train, we were handed a small leaflet on why to vote, "No," in last Saturday's referendum. The leaflet bore the logo of the Coalition of Revolutionary Youth. A discussion quickly began between an older gentleman and his wife, questioning the young man on why he thought the proposed constitutional amendments should be voted down. The two parties continued a lively debate, joined by several listeners and another questioning participant.<br />
<div><br />
</div><div>Even on state-run TV stations, lively political talk shows have sprung up, featuring speakers representing many different ideas. These are essential baby steps for creating democracy.<br />
<div><br />
</div><div>This is very heady stuff for Egypt-- a country where before 25 January 2011, political discussions were normally held in private, behind closed doors. In public, few volunteered their points of view about any issues, save those concerning the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Twenty years ago, one never heard a negative public word about Egypt's rulers from the average citizen. More recently, grumblings began about the Mubarak regime-- not with a lot of detail, but communicating the weariness of the citizenry with the regimes' rule. Even such murmurings were remarkable.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Today, freedom of speech is blossoming overnight, debates occurring since the 25 January Revolution began. Now it is one of the purposes served by Tahrir Square: Egyptian tourists are coming to take pictures of their kids in the Square, buy a souveneir or two, and clumping into discussion groups on the sidewalk. </div><div><br />
</div><div>While much of the desired change remains to be implemented, this newly-found freedom of political speech, open, public, rigorous debate, is very heady stuff. Whatever else the revolution achieves or fails to achieve, this is a very significant change. No one can put this genie back in the bottle. Having found their voice, Egyptians are very much enjoying its use.</div></div><div>----------------------</div><div><br />
</div><div>Monday the results of the Referendum were announced, with about 77% of the vote favoring the new amendments to the constitution. What is especially remarkable was the voter turnout: million voters. For one friend, it took two hours to vote. The polling place was due to close. Prospective voters chanted, "My right, my right!" demanding their right to vote. Previous elections have generated more apathy and considerably interest. Not this one-- now Egyptian citizens insist on expressing their voice through their vote.</div><div>-----------------------</div><div><br />
</div><div>"Naem ow le?" Yes or No? What did these votes on the constitutional amendments mean?</div><div><br />
</div><div>A "Yes" Vote Means: </div><div><br />
</div><div>For some this expressed the longing for a return to stability. Many are either unemployed or haven't been paid since the revolution, and they want a return to normalcy in daily life.</div><div><br />
</div><div>For some, the constitutional amendments were acceptable. The amendments created term limits for the president, for a maximum of two four-year terms. The amendments began to open the door for more fair elections, with the appointment of an Election Commission to oversee the elections, as well as beginning to open the door for the participation of political parties other than the National Democratic Party. (Reform of other laws are still needed, such as whether a religious party can participate).</div><div><br />
</div><div>For some, they want the next elections to take place in six months, either because:</div><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>*they don't want the Supreme Military Council to rule any longer than absolutely necessary; or</div><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>*their preferred party is already organized and will fair well in six months (as is the case with the NDP, though it may dissolve and reconstitute itself, as well as with the Muslim Brotherhood, which hopes the ban on it being a political party will be abolished).</div><div><br />
</div><div>For some, it is seen as a first step in constitutional reform, not as its end--and they feel is is a reasonable first step.</div><div><br />
</div><div>For some, it was a vote for the Muslim Brotherhood, which has its own elaborate organization on the ground, and has provided charitable work, medical clinics and social services for many years, thereby building positive regard for its organization.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Revolutionaries came out on both sides, though most favored a "No," vote.</div><div><br />
</div><div>A "No" Vote Means:</div><div><br />
</div><div>Some argue than no new political parties will be able to run viable candidates in six months, thereby guaranteeing the old NDP machine will still take at least 40% of seats in the parliament, with the Muslim Brotherhood probably improving its ratio of seats from the current 20% to 30% or better. In other words, the NDP may be able to survive and consolidate its power and reconstitute its rule. It is still the most organized party on the ground. Meanwhile the Brotherhood improves its position. (No surprise that they supported a "yes" vote, though arguably opportunistic).</div><div><br />
</div><div>Some prefer elections be delayed one or two years, in order to educate the public on their rights, on the issues, and allow time for new coalitions to build and organize party infrastructures. This is a common view from the revolutionaries. They know that currently those who are liberal or progressive or who prefer a secular government participate in many groups. At least 25 separate groups worked together for the Revolution. They achieved consensus on the initial goals of Revolution: an end to Mubarak's regime, an end to the Central Security State, an end to military rule, an end to corruption, for free and fair democratic elections (including the reform of existing election law), for freedom of speech and for freedom of association.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Next comes the tough work, the political engagement to implement this goals in real terms, write them into law, and create the mechanisms for these changes. These are incredibly sweeping changes, and their implementation, very complicated. There is no current consensus on how the achieve these goals, on which steps are needed on what order, and it's not easy to know where to start. </div><div><br />
</div><div>The public debate, towards generating some national consensus on how to proceed on these many important changes, is clearly needed. And building consensus on any one of these issues can take a lot of time.<br />
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I hope the demonstrators keep the pressure on the army, so that the changes move forward.</div>Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3948754945471221840.post-43707023123915591802011-03-18T04:45:00.000-07:002011-03-25T02:14:36.308-07:00New Egyptian Constitutional Amendments Vote Tomorrow<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Will the Egyptian army walk the talk? Will they live up to their promises? That's the big question in so many of us who participated in or observed the recent revolution. <br />
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Tomorrow is the vote on the promised constitutional amendments. <a href="http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=53917">(Link to an English version of the proposed amendments)</a>. It contains some positive changes, but still has some less democratic features. For example, a presidential candidate must have the support of at least 30 members of parliament. That seems to favor the status quo. New smaller parties would not be able to meet that ceiling, but could still have a popular enough candidate that could win the vote.<br />
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Some provisions are predictable: the president must be Egyptian, and both his parents must be Egyptian [no Barak Obama for Egypt!], but then Egypt's nationalism is deeply rooted. More of a concern is can the president only be a "he"? That's what the language would seem to imply, and there is no additional notation which allows for it to be a female candidate.<br />
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Also problematic is the Elections Commission appointed to oversee the electoral process, which seems designed to include primarily the oldest members of government. The document specifies: <i>"The committee is to be chaired by the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court and comprises the head of the Cairo Court of Appeal, the eldest Supreme Constitutional Court deputy, the eldest head of the Court of Cassation deputy and the eldest deputy of the State Council." </i> In contrast, it seems to me the Revolution was about getting the old men out of the business of running the government.<br />
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In short, it appears that the Supreme Military Council is not really eager for a democracy of the people. That's hardly surprising. They are the ruling class, and have been since Egypt's independence in 1956. They hold a great deal of Egypt's wealth. As Egypt's formerly state-owned businesses were privatized from the 1990s onward, guess who came to own many of them? <br />
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The 25 January Revolution has as its goal the end of the military state, and replacing it with a civilian-led democratic state. Will the army implement this? It seems unlikely, which is part of why the revolution continues, with its participants still organizing continuing pressure for the changes sought.<br />
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Still, I continue to enjoy my front row seat for this period of change. One thing it clearly has changed is free speech. The people have taken this right, and now everyone is speaking his or her mind, including the school children, my teacher friends inform me. I suspect some schools may even institute student governments and begin leadership training to harness and positively channel their students' newly found voices.</div>Kathy Kamphoefnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10832928832291083810noreply@blogger.com1